When we hear the term physical fitness, most Ameri Essay Example For Students

When we hear the term physical fitness, most Ameri Essay cans associate it with athletic ability, including brute strength and sheer muscle. One who sees physical fitness in this way has been misinformed. To be physically fit doesnt mean you need We will write a custom essay on When we hear the term physical fitness, most Ameri specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now to be 64 220 pounds and have rippling biceps. Although strength is a part of physical fitness, it is by no means the only or even the most important area of consideration. Physical fitness can be defined as: the ability to adapt to the demands and stresses of physical effort. There are a number of components making up physical fitness. These are, cardio-respiratory endurance, flexibility, body composition, strength and power, speed, agility and coordination. If a body does not get enough exercise, the bodys functions will deteriorate. In other words, the amount of physical stresses your body can take reflects the amount and quality of exercise you do. I would say a police officer is physically fit when his or her condition has a positive impact on performance, productivity, low absenteeism and health care costs. In this paper, I will show that the level of fitness an officer is at will directly impact the above mentioned factors. I will also show how some agencies have implemented such programs. The length and quality of a police officers career, and for that matter, his life, is dependent on the actions and conduct of the individual. Things like improper eating habits, smoking, drinking excessively and physical activity are detrimental to an officers health. According to Richard O. Keelor of the Presidents Account on Physical Fitness, approximately 60% of all deaths in the United States result from the diseases of the heart and blood vessels- diseases that are associated with physical inactivity (Fraser, 1986). In the law enforcement community, he states that the problem is even worse, especially in the areas of heart disease and lower back problems. A lot of officers go to early graves as a result of physical and mental stresses they deal with over the years. Anderson (1986), in regards to the problem, states that work experiences such as; chasing suspects, struggling with drunks, working nights and sitting for hours in a squad car eating junk food usually does not catch up with an officer until they least expect it. Studies have shown that the single most contributing factor in the early deaths of law enforcement officers is probably the lack of regular exercise (Anderson, 1986). Police Chief David Thompson of the Atlantic Beach, Florida Police Department states, odds are ten to one that a police officer will die of a heart attack rather than street violence (Anderson, 1986: 32). With all the given facts, it is easy to see that physical fitness programs are a must for all police departments. As with any other new program in a police department, the question will be raised, due to budgetary constraints, can we afford a physical fitness program? In my eyes, the question should be rephrased as, Can any department this day in age afford not to have such a program? Whatever the cost of a program, it should be weighed against the cost of absenteeism, health insurance, medical bills and disability. Fraser (1986) reports that a 1981 national survey revealed that heart attacks among middle management personnel alone cost industry $700 million annually. Many studies, including those done by the United States Secret Service and the Ohio Highway Patrol, have shown strong evidence of cost savings after a physical fitness program had been implemented. Fraser (1986) reports an 18 to 42 percent drop to absenteeism, a 4 to 11 percent increase in worker productivity, improved morale, less employee turnover, and reduced health care costs. .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c , .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c .postImageUrl , .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c , .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c:hover , .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c:visited , .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c:active { border:0!important; } .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c:active , .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u97adb81b2e4db8ba50065d0132ea2f2c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lord Of The Flies Persuasive EssayThe police department of Glendale, AZ. has showed some remarkable, direct benefits as a result of a physical fitness program. In 1985, the city received a $70,170 refund to its major medical insurance company. In 1984, the refund amounted to over $225,000 because of reduced claims. There was also a similar savings in workmens compensation premiums (Lesce, 1985: 28). In another instance, involving the Grass Valley, CA. Police Department, the seventeen member force were noted to have a loss of 191 days due to job related injuries between 1976 and 1980. This came before physical fitness was a mandatory requirement. A review of post-mandatory physical fitness implication, between 1980 and 1985, reflects a loss of only 23 days due to job-related injuries (Mouser, 1986). This a very significant turn around and shows how a .

Show Balling on Beaters essays

Show Balling on Beaters essays Often, the action that a character takes defines who they are. This statement is also fitting in Ishmael Chambers case. Ishmael kissed Hatsue at fourteen and discussed the controversy of their kiss could cause among the community inside a hollow tree. At this point in time Ishmael feels their relationship will work, but the arrival of war changed everything. After receiving a devastating letter from Hatsue and losing his arm in battle, Ishmael could not control his rage and puts the blame on Hatsue and all Japanese. He found himself saying the words, that fucking goddamn Jap bitch(251) after the surgical removal of his left arm. Since his rejection by Hatsue, Ishmael fails to resume his normal mental state. He has reacted to Hatsues rejection with pettiness. He continues to attempt to bring Hatsue back to his arms. During their meeting at the beach, Ishmael tells Hatsue that he is a dying person(334), and wants to hold Hatsue. Hatsue, now married, turns him down. Not only does his f ailed attempts to retrieve Hatsue disabled him to sustain a loving relationship with another woman, his hate for Hatsue and all Japanese has cultivated a crippling cynicism. It was not until the revealing of the lighthouse report where Ishmael finally redeems himself. When Ishmael first finds the lighthouse notes, his temptation to seek revenge on Hatsues husband and his accumulated anger forces him to keep the notes to himself. Yet, by revealing the lighthouse report, Ishmael knows that he prevents a serious miscarriage of justice, fueled by the same prejudice which has been the focus over the decades against Japanese in San Piedro. In addition to his realization, Ishmael finds the words in Hatsues letter that will convince him to reveal the notes. In the letter Hatsue writes, Your heart is large and you are gentle and kind, and I know you will do great things in this world.(442) By revealing th...

WE 5 Mandi crj 546 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WE 5 Mandi crj 546 - Essay Example She goes ahead to show their relevance systematically, allowing a reader to gain a clear understanding of her work. In addition, her work is written in a logical manner, ultimately engaging the reader, making him or her yearn to learn more. Personally, I have learned through her work about three types of photographs that play an insignificant role to the investigator regarding the crime scene. Jennifer’s article focuses on technological advancements used to detect fingerprints at crime scenes such as macro lens and alternate light source. Her clear abstract gives the reader an idea on what to expect from the article. Consequently, a reader becomes interested in the processes. Additionally, she clearly elaborates how these advancements work and how the forensic photographer is able to gather relevant evidence from the crime scene. A major enlightenment from this article is that forensic photographers must always take photographs without a standard of measure because it ensures that there is no alteration or removal of evidence. Lastly,I can firmly attest that her article greatly enlightens the reader on fingerprint photography and keeps the learner engaged from the start as information flows smoothly throughout the entire

Develop a Research Repository web Application tool Essay

Develop a Research Repository web Application tool - Essay Example The architecture will employ 3-tier where there will be the user end, business logic end and the server end. The user-end will have a system that will enable the users to access the repository. The server end will have a database which will be used to store the research materials. The database will make use of Oracle 11g. There will be a connection of these applications so that the application connects to the database (Brian, 2007). Access to the application and to the database will be achieved using web interface. The application that is used will be the browser that the users are using. There will be security of the system so that not everybody will access the system. The restriction will be differentiated so that there are restrictions for the outsiders and restrictions for members. The restrictions for outsiders will be that these users will not access the whole system completely. This is because the users will access only the parts that are of interest to them. The system admini strators and the IT staff will have the privileges that will enable them to access most of the tools and places in the system. They are tasked with maintaining the system and they need to access the whole system. There will be a user interface that will allow this access to be implemented. From the description, there is the back-end of the system and also the front-end. The back-end represents the database and the server. The back-end will be operated upon by the administrators of the system. There are times that the database will fail. There is therefore a need to ensure that it is restored back to work (Brian, 2007). With the new system, users and researchers will be required to fill in forms that will describe the research work they are interested in and send it to the system. The work that the researcher is interested in will be searched in the database. The research work that will be submitted will be approved by the staff and then approved to be added to the database. The arti cles that are added to the system will be categorized based on their nature. Detailed analysis of the tool Most of the requests will be made to the server by users. This will mean that the requests will be made through a web based system. There will be an internet connection that will help to connect the users and the server end part of the system. Without this connection, the connection and the access will not be made possible. The application that will handle all the requests will be developed using the C# programming language. This will reside in the server part of the web-based system. There are possibilities to have connections in Visual Studio either to databases or web services. The connection to the end users will be done through web service connection and the services to the back-end part of the system will be done using database connectivity. The database that will be used is Oracle 11g. The architecture in diagram 1 shows that the server and database are running on the se rver end of the system. Figure 1: Basic architecture The connection of the database and the application will be done using the functionality of the Visual Studio 2010. There is a tool that enables Visual Studio to connect to data that are from any source. When using Visual Studio, there is a tool that is used to create a connection. All connections have the same members. The property that will be used in the connection is that of ConnectionString property. This property has a

Casual Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Casual Argument - Essay Example t this point that the act of US in going to war and continuing the war has been act of self-defense and preventing more terrorist attacks in its homeland, hence it can be stated that continuing the war and eventually ending it successfully is a strategic US move that is aimed in making the American life safer. To say that one will be safer is to be assured that there will be less peace disturbance than expected within a given time frame. Since a time frame may be divided into short term and long term, this paper asserts that in the short term, while US will have to address the short-run reactions of its enemy, especially the effects on a considerable of Muslim community who may see martyrdom in the hanging of Sadam Hussien. Dickey and Barry talked of the feeling a little safer for US, at least for a short time, when the world has witnessed the putting to death of Sadam Hussein of Iraq but they seem now to paint a different picture by their reports of not seeing many American flags in Iraq, except on soldiers uniforms due to the U.S. commanders’ decision that the American insignias might offend local sensibilities of the Iraqis. They even cited a mob in the dusty Iraqi town of Fallujah displaying a new and shocking image to bear in mind the war by the slaughter of four American civilian security men, by burning them, butchering them, dragging them through the streets, and then eventually hanging pieces of them from power lines and the girders of a bridge.1 In dramatizing the effects of the war, the same authors described the incident as simply gruesome as they convey the message of â€Å"inhuman brutality of a worldwide terrorist campaign that seems to be spreading.†2 Given also the report s that U.S. soldiers are being attacked, with at least one dying every day; it would only mean in the short term, that a less than safer scenario for the US might be expected. It does not take too much time however to allow things to normalize in Iraq. Since the US has

Ethical Justification: Involving Human Volunteers in Trials

Ethical Justification: Involving Human Volunteers in Trials Ethical Justification of Involving Human Volunteers in Phase 1 Trials Zoheb Rafique INTRODUCTION Tremendous development in recent medical science and the consequent discoveries resulting in successful prevention and also cure of different diseases are shared by clinical research involving the human volunteers. Preceding the trials in the human subjects, and to ensure safety, the proposed drug and other interventions are either tested in animals (vivo) or in laboratory (vitro) to evaluate initial safe starting dose for the human beings and to key out the benchmarks for the clinical monitoring for the potential unfavorable effects. These pre human trials might not necessarily protect against the untoward effects in the human beings as happened in the case of thalidomide tragedy, which caused disability and killed thousands of babies born to the mothers, those who took this medicine. Use of healthy human volunteers in the preliminary experiments or phase I clinical trials either reduces or excludes risks of subsequent undesirable effects in the future trails (1). Phase-1 trials are conducted in order to test the safety, reactions and immunogenicity of vaccines in volunteers. Novel treatments for the cancer are first tested in phase 1 trials enrolling the patients with advanced disease, who have exhausted the standard treatment options. Phase-1 oncology trials are the pivot point in the translation of new cancer therapies from bench to bedside. Nevertheless, these trials remain ethically controversial. The controversy stems from the fact that, classically, phase-1 oncology clinical trials involve first-in-human testing of experimental treatment candidates in patients with a terminal diagnosis, who typically have exhausted standard treatment options. Commentators on the ethics of phase-1 clinical trials make diametrically opposed claims about the prospect of direct medical benefit from participation in these trials-benefits that can be attributed to receiving the experimental treatment intervention. One camp of benefit skeptics, inhabited mainly by bioethicists , characterizes this form of research as lacking any reasonable prospect of direct medical benefit. They see an ethical cloud hovering over phase-1 trials, because the vast majority of patients volunteer for phase-1 trials out of a motivation to receive medical benefit. In the view of these skeptics, such patients therefore harbor a ‘therapeutic misconception’ about research participation. This misconception calls into question the validity of informed consent and thereby undercuts the ethical basis of these trials (2). In this paper, I will discuss the ethical justification of the participation of human volunteers in phase-1 trials. DISCUSSION It is now widely accepted that medical research designed for the benefit of populations in developed countries should not be conducted with subjects recruited from populations in economically underdeveloped countries. Indeed, it is ethically objectionable to recruit from populations in resource-poor settings, even in developed countries, unless those populations are particularly susceptible to the condition the research is designed to relieve. In one study, there was proposal to conduct a phase-1 vaccine study recruiting subjects from the United States when the purpose is to assist the population of Mali, in Sub-Saharan Africa, to overcome the pervasive local consequences of Malaria. The ethical principle of justice, which requires a fair allocation of the risks and benefits of medical research, provides that the risk of research should not be planned to affect subjects from one population when benefits of the research are primarily directed to another population. It may accordingly appear, at first assessment, that the Malian government’s requirement that all phase-1 testing of the antimalarial vaccine be conducted in the United States is as unethical as it would be for the United States government to require that all phase-1 testing of a vaccine or other product intended primarily to benefit the population of the United States be conducted in Mali. Yet codes of ethical conduct are less consistent on this point than commentators usually require being. The World Medical Association’s much-cited Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for Medical Research Involving Human subjects provides that â€Å"Medical research is only justified if there is a reasonable likelihood that the population in which the research is carried out stand to benefit from the results of the research.† By this criterion, conduct of the phase-1 study in the United States appears unethical. In the context of HIV/AIDS, however, the WHO’S Global program on AIDS (1989) provided that, â€Å"in general, initial phase-1 trials should be conducted in the country of origin of the vaccine†. By this criterion, phase-1 testing in the United States is appropriate, if a vaccine would originate and initially be governmentally approved in the United States. The situation would be otherwise, of course, if the NIH was funding the study for production of the vaccine in Mali. The ethical remains of where the initial phase-1 vaccine trials can be conducted most equitably, with least risk of exploitation and most protection of the interests of study subjects (3). Most clinical research trials today require the informed consent. Concern however is raised that subjects of phase 1 trial studies might not provide valid consent. In particular, few commentators worry that subjects of phase 1 oncology trials have an exaggerated idea of any chance of the therapeutic benefit. The Empirical studies tells that phase 1 trial participants are highly optimistic an d hopeful about their chance of personal benefit and also are motivated by hope for the clinical improvement. Altruism, on other hand is much less often identified as driving the decision to enroll, when quoted as motivating factor; and it typically is not the prime reason for the participation. In one research study, sixty one (61 %) of phase 1 oncology participants were doubtful about altruism would motivate the advanced cancer patients to enroll in the non beneficial research and several phase 1 volunteers in another study showed â€Å"Surprise† at idea of research participation based exclusively on altruism. Some studies find, however that the individuals in some other types of research trials often participate in the hope of helping others. As an example, schaeffer and colleagues describe that â€Å"hope others benefit† is one of the two most common motivational factors for the healthy volunteers (4). The research participants should be fully informed about the di fference between research and therapy and also risk-benefit ratio. The researcher should offer patients substitutes other than participation in the trials and also vulnerable population should not be included in the trials at any cost and especially in the phase-1 trials. CIOMS guideline 7 talks about inducement of participation in research. According to the guideline the research subjects can be reimbursed for their needs such as transport and other expenses, and also lost earnings, that is associated with participation in the research. Those persons who receive no any direct benefit from research may also get a small amount of money for their inconvenience due to the participation in research. All volunteers may get the medical services unrelated to research and could have tests and procedures performed free of cost. Payments in terms of money or in kind to the research subjects may not be so huge as to carry them to take unwarranted risks or volunteer against the better judgment. Incompetent persons are vulnerable to the exploitation for financial gain by the guardians. A subject who withdraws himself/herself from the research for various reasons related to research study, such as unacceptable side-effects of a study drug, or who is withdrawn on health grounds, should be paid or recompensed as if full participation had taken place. For all biomedical research involving human subjects, the investigator must ensure that potential benefits and risks are reasonably balanced and risks are minimized. The Declaration of Helsinki deals with the wellbeing of research subjects and the avoidance of risk. Thus, considerations related to the well-being of the human subject should take precedence over the interests of science and society, clinical testing must be preceded by adequate laboratory or animal experimentation to demonstrate a reasonable probability of success without undue risk, every project should be preceded by careful judgment of predictable burden and ris ks in comparison with the foreseeable benefits to research subjects or to others; physician-researchers must be confident that the risks involved have been adequately assessed and can be satisfactorily managed; and the risks and burdens to the subject must be minimized, and reasonable in relation to the importance of the objective or the knowledge to be gained (5). CONCLUSION The first basic principle of the Declaration of Helsinki requires biomedical research involving human subjects to be based on â€Å"adequately performed laboratory and animal experimentation and on a thorough knowledge of the scientific literature.† This implies that human subjects should not be used unless and until successful experiments in animals, as well as in vitro, have been completed. The Declaration, like most consensus documents formulated by representatives of different nations and medical traditions, is often vague and difficult to interpret in specific cases. It might allow proceeding to clinical trials if adequate animal studies demonstrated the inapplicability irrelevance, or absence of a useful animal model. If animals died immediately after receiving a vaccine, this would undoubtedly prohibit using the vaccine in human subjects (6). I will conclude this paper by saying that research is the only way of getting rid of various diseases through proper treatment an d also benefiting future patients from those diseases which have no cure at present or any medical treatment available, so research should not be stopped. In my opinion, human volunteers can be involved in phase-1 trials but following all international guidelines and all other aspects of biomedical ethics. REFERENCES Inayat Ullah Memon. JUSTIFICATION OF PARTICIPATION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS IN PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIALS: AN ETHICAL ANALYSIS. Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2011; 2(2):26-29 Franklin G Miller and Steven Joffe. Benefit in phase 1 oncology trials: therapeutic misconception or reasonable treatment option? Clinical Trials. 2008; 5: 617-623. Bernard Dickens. Reverse Exploitation in the Baltimore Malaria Vaccine Study. Emily Abdoler, Holly Taylor, and David Wendler. The Ethics of Phase 0 Oncology Trials. Clin cancer Res. 2008; 14(12): 3692-3697. International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects. CIOMS 2002; 1-113. Wendy K. Mariner. Why Clinical Trials of AIDS Vaccines Are Premature. Public Health and the Law. AJPH. 1989; Vol. 79, No. 1: 86-91.

Knights and Thier Role In Medieval Society Essay -- European History

Knights and their role in medieval society. Knights were an integral part of medieval society. They originally began with primitive warriors such as the Mongols who fought on horseback for added speed and power, but quickly advanced to chivalrous gentleman such as the Normans. Much has been written about medieval knights with the most famous being a series of legends about King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. Arthur and his knights were the ultimate example of what a perfect knight should have been. They were brave and skilful in battle, but merciful to their enemies once vanquished. They were courteous to ladies, and never ate or drank to excess. Knights associated in groups which they called orders. They vowed loyalty to the king they fought under and formed military org...